For Indigenous Peoples, the post-war era was full of hardships. Mountain area affairs were divided and appointed to different departments of the Provincial government owing to the generalization policy of the authorities, which tended to be more favourable for the non-Indigenous inhabitants. The powers or authorities from different divisions were not on the same page, thereby resulting in various disputes and issues. In terms of economy and land, the Indigenous people continued to face competitive pressures from expansion of the Han Chinese. Language-wise, the government launched the national language policy, forbidding the Indigenous people to use Japanese and Indigenous languages that were more familiar to them, resulting in frustrations and low self-esteem when learning. This also prompted the Indigenous elites to arouse a sense of urgency for the survival of their Peoples.